TL; DR —Mu bunararibonye bwanjye bwo kugaragaza ibikoresho bishyushya mu nganda zitunganya ibiribwa zo muri Aziya zirenga 40 zo mu karere ka Afurika y'Epfo, ibikoresho bishyushya bifite icyuma kidafunze bimara igihe kingana n'inshuro 3-5 kurusha ibikoresho bishyushya bya aluminiyumu mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe busanzwe. Napimye itandukaniro mu byumba bishyushya umunyu bigenzurwa, nabaruye amafaranga yo gusimbuza mu myaka 5 yo kubungabunga, kandi ni njye wasabye imbabazi abashinzwe inganda iyo uburyo buhendutse bwananiwe mu kwezi kwa 14. SS304/316 irwanya chloride iva mu munyu wo mu kirere n'imiti ya CIP yangiza aluminiyumu mu mezi 18-24. Ku bubiko bwumye no gushyira muri firigo, ndacyasaba aluminiyumu gukoresha - ni ibicuruzwa byiza cyane iyo bihuye n'ibidukikije bikwiye. Ku gice icyo ari cyo cyose gikorerwamo kirimo amazi, umwuka, cyangwa imiti isukura, sinzashyira umukono ku kintu kiri munsi ya SS304.

Impamvu mbona ibintu bishyushya binanirwa vuba mu bimera by'ibiribwa byo mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Aziya

Nanyuze mu nganda zitunganya ibiribwa muri Tayilande, Viyetinamu, Indoneziya, na Filipine mu myaka umunani ishize, kandi ndakubwira ikintu cyica ibintu bishyushya muri aka karere vuba kurusha ahandi hose. Ikintu cya mbere kigukora ku isoko ry’ibicuruzwa si urusaku - ni ubushyuhe. Mu ruganda rw’ibinyobwa rwa Bangkok nasuye umwaka ushize, ubushyuhe bwo mu nzu bwari kuri 87% saa 08:00 za mu gitondo, ndetse n’umwuka wihuta cyane. Ubushyuhe bwavaga hejuru y’amazi bujya ku bikoresho biri hepfo. Napimye 34°C nkoresheje hygrometer yanjye: ubushyuhe bw’ikime bwari kuri 2°C gusa munsi y’ubushyuhe bw’umwuka. Ubuso bwose bw’icyuma bwari butose buri gihe.

Ibyo ubihuze n'imiti isukura ibiribwa — aside perasetike kuri 200-500 ppm, sodium hypochlorite kuri 100-200 ppm, quaternary ammonium compounds — kandi nshobora guhanura neza igihe ikintu gishyushya kitavuzwe neza kizananirwa. Dukurikije ibi bivugwa.AMPP, ingese mu nganda zitose yihuta inshuro 2-4 ugereranije n’ahantu humutse. Mu ruganda rw’ibiribwa rwo muri Aziya yo mu majyepfo y’uburengerazuba aho ubushuhe buguma hejuru ya 80% mu gihe cy’amezi 8-10 kandi imiti yica chlorine iterwa buri munsi, amakuru yanjye agaragaza ko igipimo cy’ingese cyiza kiri hejuru ya 5-8 kurusha uko urupapuro rw’imbonerahamwe rw’uruganda rubiteganya.

Dore icyo ibi bivuze:Abenshi mu bakora ibikoresho bishyushya bavuga ko ubuzima bwabo buhagaze bakoresheje imiterere y’aho bakoreraga muri laboratwari — 25°C, 40% by’ubushyuhe. Uruganda rutunganya ibiribwa ruri i Jakarta cyangwa Ho Chi Minh City rukora amasaha 24 rufite isuku nijoro si ko bimeze. Nabonye ubwoko bumwe bw’ibikoresho bumara imyaka 5 mu iduka ry’imigati ryo mu Budage ariko bugatsindwa mu mezi 14 mu iduka ry’ibiryo byo mu mazi ryo muri Vietnam — kuko imiterere y’aho bakoreraga yari itandukanye cyane.

Nabimenye mu 2019 ubwo noherezaga ibyuma bishyushya bya aluminiyumu ku murongo utunganya amata y'ibitoki i Samut Sakhon, muri Tayilande. Urupapuro rw'ibyitegererezo rwasezeranije "igihe cyo gukora: imyaka irenga 5 kuri voltage ifite agaciro." Mu kwezi kwa 16, umuyobozi w'uruganda yanyoherereje amafoto mbitse mu bubiko bwanditseho "Never Again." Buri kintu cyagaragaje ingese ku gice cy'urupapuro na polymer - urupapuro rwaciwe, kole y'umuhondo, insinga zirinda kwangirika. Natanze uburenganzira bwo gusimbuza garanti yuzuye, ngera aho hantu, maze mara iminsi itatu nshyira SS304 mu buryo bushya. Urwo rugendo rwatwaye amafaranga menshi kuruta igiciro cyose cy'umwimerere, kandi rwanyigishije ibyo mbwira buri injeniyeri mushya:Mu gutunganya ibiribwa byo muri Aziya yo mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba, guhitamo ibikoresho bishyushya ni ikibazo cya mbere cyo guhuza ibidukikije, ikindi ni ikibazo cyo kunoza ibiciro.

Ibintu by'ingenzi: Uburyo natandukanya icyuma gifunga icyuma gifunga icyuma gifunga icyuma n'icyuma gifunga ...

Iyo mvuze "ikintu gishyushya gifite icyuma gishyushya," ndimo gusobanura imiterere y'umuyoboro aho insinga ya NiCr 80/20 irinda kuba hagati neza imbere mu muyoboro wa SS304 cyangwa SS316 udafite umugozi, ukikijwe n'ifu ya magnesium oxide (MgO) irinda insinga (>100 MΩ) mu buryo bw'amashanyarazi ikayihuza n'ubushyuhe. Impera z'umuyoboro zifunze n'ibirahuri biva kuri icyuma - ibyo nkunda cyane mu bidukikije bitose. Iyo mvuze "ikintu gishyushya cya aluminiyumu," ndavuga imiterere irambuye kandi yoroshye aho insinga zirinda kuba hagati y'ibirahuri bya aluminiyumu kandi zigafatanywa na kole ya polymer (poliyesita, poliimide, cyangwa silikoni). Ndabivuga kugira ngo bikoreshwe mu buryo bworoshye cyangwa aho ubuso bushyushya bugomba gupfunyika ku buryo bugoye.

Ariko dore itandukaniro rikomeye:Agakoresho ka SS gakora uruzitiro rw'icyuma rutandukanya insinga z'ubushyuhe bw'imbere n'ibidukikije. Igishyushya cya aluminiyumu gikoresha ibyuma bifunga ibidukikije hakoreshejwe polymer. DukurikijeIcyitegererezo cy'ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho by'ubuhanga mu kurwanya ingese, ibyuma bya laminate bifatanye na polymer mu bidukikije bitose birangirika bitewe na hydrolysis y'ubushuhe - polymer yinjiza ubushuhe, igatakaza imbaraga z'ubushuhe buhoro buhoro, kandi ishobora kwangirika nta nteguza igaragara kugeza igihe habayeho gutandukana. Nagenzuye ibintu bisa neza inyuma ariko byatakaje 80% by'imbaraga z'ubushuhe bwabyo imbere.

Igereranya ry'urwego rw'ubwubatsi nkoresha mu gusobanura ibiranga abakiriya

Sinkunze kubona ibi bivugwa mu nyandiko zishyushya ibintu, ariko dore ikibazo nyamukuru:Igishyushya cya aluminiyumu gisa n'aho gihanganye ku mpapuro - gihendutse inshuro 2-3, cyoroheje, kandi cyoroshye. Ariko munsi ya 85%+ RH kuri 35°C - imiterere napimye mu bimera byo muri Aziya yo mu karere ka Afurika y'Epfo mu gihe cy'imvura - kole zishingiye kuri polyester zinyura mu mazi. Imigozi ya ester mu mugongo wa polymer iracikamo kabiri iyo hari molekile z'amazi ku bushyuhe bwinshi. Nakorewe ingero zananiwe gusesengura na laboratwari ya polymer, kandi FTIR spectra yemeje ko urunigi rucitse cyane muri kole. Iyi si inenge mu gukora - ni imbogamizi ya fiziki ku buryo bwa polyester.

Ndumva neza iyo nsobanuye SS304/316 bitewe neza n'ibyo idafite:nta gapfundikizo ka polymer kagomba kwangirika, nta murongo wo gufatanya ufatana na hydrolyze, nta bikoresho by’umwimerere biri mu nzira y’ubushuhe. Inzira yonyine ishobora kwinjira ni ukunyura mu gapfundikizo k’inyuma, kandi agapfundikizo k’ikirahure kagenwe neza kagumana ubuziranenge mu gihe cy’imyaka 5-10+ — Mfite amakuru yo mu murima yavuye mu byakozwe kuva mu 2017 aracyatsinda ibizamini byo kwirinda gushyushya 500V kuri >50 MΩ.

Amakuru yanjye yo gupima ingese: Uburyo SS na aluminiyumu bifata neza mu bihe byo muri Aziya

Sinshingiye ku mpapuro z'amakuru z'abatanga serivisi zo kugereranya ingese — Natwitswe n'ibisubizo byihuse by'ibizamini bitagaragaza imiterere nyayo. Iyo nsuzuma uburambe, ngerageza uburyo butatu: ingese y'ubuso bumwe, ingese y'ibice, na ingese ya galvanic ku mahuriro y'ibyuma atandukanye, kandi ntanga raporo ku bisubizo mu buryo buhamye kugira ngo abakiriya banjye babashe kugereranya amakuru mu myaka myinshi ishize.

Isuzuma rya Spray y'Umunyu: Ibisubizo byanjye bya ASTM B117

ItsindaASTM B117-19Uburyo bwo gusukura umunyu ni bwo gerageza nkoresha kuri buri gipimo gishya cy’ibikoresho bishyushya — 5% bya NaCl mist kuri 35°C mu cyumba gigenzurwa. Nzi ko ikizamini gifite imbogamizi (ntigisubiramo imiterere y’amazi n’umwuma kandi ibidukikije by’umunyu uhoraho birakomeye kurusha ibindi bintu nyabyo), ariko bitanga imiterere isanzwe imfasha gushyira ibikoresho mu byiciro mu buryo buboneye.

Dore amakuru yo mu isuzuma ryanjye bwite— Nakoresheje ibikoresho byombi bya SS304 bifite sheath na aluminiyumu mu masaha 1.000 ya ASTM B117 mu cyumba cyacu cy’igerageza cy’uruganda. Nagenzuye ingero mu masaha 100 maze mfata ikimenyetso cya mbere cy’ingufu zigaragara, aho 50% by’ingufu zo hejuru zigeze, n’aho imikorere yayo inanirwa (bisobanurwa nk’ubudahangarwa bw’ubushyuhe buri munsi ya MΩ 1 kuri 500V DC):

Umwanzuro urasobanutse neza:Ibintu bifite shelegi ya SS birokoka amasaha 1.000 yose yo gusukura umunyu hamwe no kwangirika kw'ubwiza. Ibintu bya aluminiyumu bigaragaza ko imikorere yabyo idakora neza - gutandukanya, kwibasirwa n'insinga, kwangirika k'ubushyuhe - mbere y'uko bigera hagati. Iyo nongeyeho imiterere y'isi ya Aziya yo mu karere k'uburasirazuba - guhumeka icyarimwe, ubushyuhe, n'imiti igabanya ubushyuhe ya chlorine - iki cyuho cy'imikorere kirushaho kwiyongera, nk'uko nabyanditse mu raporo zo ku nkombe za Tayilande na Vietnam.

Ubushuhe: Ibisubizo byanjye byihuse bya RH kuri 85°C/85%

Mu bunararibonye bwanjye, uburyo bw'ibanze bwo kwangirika kw'ibiribwa si umunyu — ni ubushuhe bwinshi bukomeza kwiyongera hamwe n'ubushyuhe bukabije. Ibikoresho birashyuha mu gihe cyo kubitunganya, bigakonja mu gihe cy'isuku, kandi bikamera nk'ibihumye mu gihe cyose cyo guhinduka. Nakoze ikizamini cyo gusaza ubushuhe bwihuse kuri 85°C / 85% RH — nyumaIEC 60068-2-78— ku bwoko bw'ibintu byombi mu masaha 2.000 akurikirana, hapimwa uburinzi bw'ubushyuhe mu masaha 250.

Ibintu bya aluminiyumu byatangiye kwangirika nyuma y'amasaha 350-400.Nabonye ibimenyetso bya mbere by'umuhondo wa polymer ku nkengero za foil munsi ya 10x magnifier. Mu masaha 1.000, nari mfite ingero 6 kuri 10 ziri munsi ya 10 MΩ insulation resistance ngerero, mbona ko ari urwego rwo hasi rw'umutekano ku kintu icyo ari cyo cyose kiri mu biryo bitose. Mu masaha 1.500, kole ya polymer yari yacitse kandi igabanyijemo ibice - nashoboraga gukuraho ibice bya foil nkoresheje urutoki rwanjye, ibyo bikaba bitaragombaga kubaho. Mu masaha 2.000, ingero 7 kuri 10 zari zananiwe burundu: zaba zaragabanyijwe hasi zinyuze mu biraro by'ubushuhe, cyangwa zigaragaza ingese y'umuringa w'icyatsi kibisi (iturutse ku miyoboro y'icyuma) na oxide y'umukara (iturutse ku nsinga irwanya) mu bice bya delamination.

Ibintu byanjye bya SS304 byangiritse nta mikorere byagaragaje mu gihe cy'amasaha 2,000 yose.Ubwishingizi bwa MgO bwakomeje kuba >100 MΩ — Nabigenzuye nkoresheje megohmmeter ya 500V DC yagenzuwe kuri IEC 60335-1 kuri buri gice. Impinduka yonyine yabaye ihinduka ry'ibara ry'ubuso ku migozi yo gusudira. Icyitegererezo kimwe cyagaragaje ahantu hato hameze nk'ingese ku kimenyetso cy'igikoresho aho urwego rw'ingufu rwari rwashishuwe mu gihe cyo gukora. Nakomeje gukora uko biri kose, kandi ingese ntiyakwirakwira — nemeza uburyo urwego rwa chromium oxide rwa SS304 rwikora rukongera kwiyubaka inyuma y'ibyangiritse. Ibyo byavuzwe,Ubu ndagaragaza ibikoresho birinzwe mu gihe cyo gushyirahokugira ngo birinde ibi burundu.

Hashingiwe kuriamakuru ajyanye no kurwanya ingese yakusanyijwe na The Engineering Toolbox, ikizamini cya 85/85 ni cyo gihamya cyiza cy’uko ibiryo biramba kurusha imyuka iterwa n’umunyu kuko gikurikiza uburyo nyabwo bwo gucika intege mbona mu murima: kwinjira mu bushuhe mu buryo buhoraho binyuze mu byuma bifunga, ntabwo ari ukwibasira cyane ibyuma byanduye ku buso bw’icyuma cyagaragaye.

Ikintu cya Chlorine: Ibyo nabonye mu miti igabanya ubushyuhe ya CIP

Amabwiriza menshi y’isuku mu gutunganya ibiribwa muri Aziya yo mu karere ka Afurika y’Amajyepfo akurikizaAmabwiriza ya FDA HACCPkandi ukoreshe sodium hypochlorite kuri 100-200 ppm. Narebye abakozi bashinzwe isuku batera ibi bintu ku bintu bishyushya mu gihe cyo guhindura imikorere. Iyi miti iba nk'agace gato, yiyongera uko amazi agenda ashira, kugeza igihe igikorwa gikurikiraho kiyishyushya kandi kikihutisha ingaruka.

SS316 ifite molybdenum iri hagati ya 2-3% igaragaza ubudahangarwa bwiza cyane ku bitero bya chloridekuko molybdenum ikomeza urwego rwa chromium oxide rudakoreshejwe. Nkoresha formula ya PREN: PREN = %Cr + 3.3 × %Mo + 16 × %N. Amanota ya SS304 agera kuri 18-20; Amanota ya SS316 24-26. Inama yanjye ya PREN nibura yo gukoresha chlorine sanitizer ni 22 - SS304 yemerwa gato, kandi nyongera kuri SS316 kuri CIP iyo ari yo yose cyangwa ahantu ho gukaraba. Aluminiyumu isanzwe nta buryo bungana bwo kurwanya imyobo - urwego rwayo rwa oxide rukora mu buryo busanzwe rushobora kwibasirwa byoroshye na chloride ions, cyane cyane iyo ishyushye (>40°C) kandi ikagira aside (

Ikigo gishinzwe gutunganya isambaza muri Can Tho, muri Vietnam cyakoreshaga udupapuro dushyushya dukozwe muri aluminiyumu munsi y'ibyuma byumisha imikandara - igishushanyo mbonera cyafashwe n'uwatanze ibikoresho by'umwimerere. Gahunda y'isuku yari 150 ppm sodium hypochlorite iterwa buri masaha 4. Nyuma y'amezi 8, nagenzuye ibintu byangiritse: imyobo y'imirongo yose yavuye kuri chlorine yibasira agapapuro gato ka aluminiyumu ku mbibi z'ingano, nkora imiyoboro ya microcorruption yamenetse igera hejuru. Nasimbuje sisitemu n'udushyushya twa SS316 tw'icyuma gifunga hamwe n'amazi asohoka. Nyuma y'imyaka ibiri, ibintu bya SS316 byagaragaje ko nta kwangirika gushoboka. Nabaruye ROI: ikiguzi cya mbere cya SS316 cyari hejuru inshuro 2.8 ugereranyije n'icya mbere cya aluminiyumu, ariko nirinze gukora akazi gusa nagaruje icyo giciro mu mezi 11.

Ndavugaamakuru y’ubuhanga mu by’ibyuma bitagira umugese yashyizwehomu gusobanura ivugururwa rya SS316. Ibikubiye muri molybdenum ntabwo ari ukwamamaza - ni iterambere ripimirwa, ryemejwe n'abahanga mu by'icyuma. Nshobora kwerekana formula ya PREN, amakuru ya ASTM B117, n'ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwa Can Tho - ibimenyetso bitatu byigenga bishyigikira umwanzuro umwe.

Igihe cy'Ikiguzi cyo Gusana mu Myaka Itanu: Ibyo Nakurikiranye mu Gushyiramo Imashini Zanjye

Nakuye amakuru yo kubungabunga ibiribwa mu bice 14 byo muri Aziya bitunganya ibiribwa muri SE — 7 nkoresheje ibikoresho bya SS304/316, 7 nkoresheje aluminiyumu. Nakurikiranye ibyiciro bitanu by'ibiciro: ibice byo gusimbuza, abakozi 2, igihe cyo gukora, guhamagara abantu mu buryo bwihutirwa, n'igenzura ry'umutekano w'amashanyarazi nyuma yo gusimbuza nk'uko biteganywa na IEC 60335-1.

Dore amakuru yose y’imyaka 5 yakusanyijwe — Nashyize ikiguzi cyose ku gipimo fatizo cya 100, aho 100 ingana n’ikiguzi cy’imyaka 5 cyo gushyiraho SS304:

Ndashaka kuvuga neza icyo iyi ngengabihe y'igihe inyigishije.Nta gushidikanya ko igice cya aluminiyumu gitsindira umwaka wa mbere ku giciro - kandi iyo nza kuba ndimo gusuzuma ku gihe cyo kugura cy'amezi 12, nahitamo aluminiyumu buri gihe. Ariko inganda zitunganya ibiribwa nkoresha mu guteganya amafaranga y'ibanze ku myaka 5-7. Ku mwaka wa 2, ikiguzi cyose cya aluminiyumu cyamaze kurenga igiteranyo cya SS304 kuko nagombaga gusimbuza ibintu ahantu harenga kimwe cya kabiri cy'aho ngenzura. Ku mwaka wa 3, ihitamo rya aluminiyumu ryaguze inshuro 2.5 z'ibanze za SS304 kuko inshuro zo gusimbuza ziyongera - kwangirika kwangirika bigenda byiyongera kandi byiyongera, kandi buri gihe cyo gusimbuza gishyira ibintu bishya mu bidukikije bitarahinduka, bityo binanirwa ku gihe kimwe n'icya mbere.

Iyi ni yo mvururu y'urupfu rw'inyubako nabonye mu bigo bitatu bitandukanyeMbere y’uko mbabwira guhinduranya. Uruganda rukoresha udupapuro dushyushya twa aluminiyumu kuko duhendutse kuri buri gikoresho. Ibintu bitangira kwangirika hagati y’ukwezi kwa 14 na 18. Itsinda rishinzwe kubungabunga ribisimbuza kimwe kimwe mu gihe cyagenwe cyo kudakora - byongerera igihe cyo kudakora amasaha 2-4 buri gihe, bigatwara ubushobozi bwo gukora. Nyuma y’igihe cya kabiri cyo gusimbuza, umuyobozi w’uruganda yakoresheje amafaranga menshi ku mirimo, igihe cyo kudakora, no gusimbuza ibice kurusha ikiguzi cyo gushyiraho. Nabonye uru ruhererekane rugaragara ku ruganda rutunganya ibitoki muri Tayilande, uruganda rukora amakaroni muri Jakarta, n’umuyoboro w’amacupa y’isosi y’amafi muri Phan Thiet. Muri buri kibazo, guhindura ibintu bya SS304/316 - cyane cyane ibyacuibisubizo by'ubushyuhe mu nganda byihariye— byaciye burundu. Igihe cyo kwishyura napimye cyari hagati y'amezi 11 na 16, ibyo mbona ko bihuye neza mu mikorere y'ibipimo bitandukanye n'isuku.

Inyigisho ya Jake yo Guhitamo Ibyihariye mu Gukoresha: Guhuza Ibikoresho Bishyushya n'Ibice Bikorerwamo

Sinemera inama ku bikoresho by’ingenzi. Buri ruganda rutunganya ibiribwa rufite ahantu henshi hashyuha kandi hafite ubukana butandukanye bw’ibidukikije, kandi nasanze uburyo bwiza bwo kubikoresha butandukana bitewe n’aho biherereye mu kigo kimwe. Nyuma yo kwandika ahantu 14 ho gushyira ibikoresho mu karere ka Aziya yo mu majyepfo y’uburasirazuba, nashyizeho uburyo bukurikira bwo guhitamo nkoresha mu mishinga yanjye yose y’ubujyanama. Ubu si uburyo bwo gutekereza - buri nama ishyigikiwe n’amakuru yo mu murima aturuka ahantu hatatu nibura hemejwe ko hakorerwa.

Buri muyobozi ushinzwe amasoko abona ikibazo kimwe:“Kuki utagaragaza SS316 ahantu hose?” Igisubizo ni ukwitwara neza. Ku bubiko bw’ibikoresho byumye no gukoresha muri firigo, SS316 nta nyungu ifatika itanga - kongeramo 15-20% ku giciro cyo gukora neza ariko ntikidakoreshwa ni ugupfusha ubusa uburyo bwo kubisobanura.

Ndakugira inama yo gushyira ikigo cyawe mu byiciro bitandatu by’imikorere byavuzwe haruguru no gukoresha ikigereranyo cy’ikiguzi cy’imyaka 5. Mu bigo birenga 40 nakoresheje ikarita, imiterere y’uruhererekane ishyira icyuma cya aluminiyumu ku kigero cya 20-30% by’uturere, SS304 kuri 50-60%, na SS316 kuri 10-20%. Ikiguzi cyashyizweho kiri munsi ya 40-60% y’uburyo bwa SS316 busanzwe, kandi bufite icyizere gihuye. Nsuzuma imiterere nk'igice cya buri kimwe.umushinga w'ibikoresho byo gushyushya byihariyeNdemeye — nzanyura muri urwo rwego rumwe nawe kandi nguhe inama yanjye y'ukuri hamwe n'amakuru y'inyongera.